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Taxila / Sirkap (1)
Unless otherwise indicated, pictures on this page © Marco Prins and Jona Lendering. Photos can be downloaded and used for non-commercial purposes, but you have to acknowledge Livius.
Map of Taxila. Design Jona Lendering Taxila was the ancient capital of the western Punjab, the country between the rivers Indus and Hydaspes. The site consists of several parts, which belong to three periods:
 
Achaemenid age
Greek age
Kushan age
Bhir mound
Sirkap 1, 2
Sirsukh
 
Jandial
Jaulian
   
Mohra Moradu
Overview of the remains of Taxila / Sirkap. Photo Marco Prins. The second city at Taxila is called Sirkap, which means 'severed head' and is the name of a mythological demon that is said to have lived on this site. It devoured human flesh and was killed by the hero Rasalu. Sirkap was founded by the Bactrian king Demetrius, who conquered this region in the 180's BCE, and rebuild by king Menander. A satellite photo can be seen here.
Demetrius considered himself a Greek and built the city on the Hippodamaean plan, that is: like a gridiron. The ruins are younger than, but similar to, those of Olynthus in Macedonia and Halos in Thessaly. Taxila's sanctuaries reflect the multicultural nature of the kingdom, which consisted not only of the Punjab, but also of Gandara, (i.e., the valley of the Kabul and Swat), Arachosia, and a part of the Ganges valley. Greek religious practices, Zoroastrian cults, Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism are all known from second-century Taxila. (For example, there was a Zoroastrian sanctuary at Jandial, north of Sirkap, which looks just like a Greek temple.)  
Three of the seven levels of Sirkap. Photo Jona Lendering. Archaeologists have identified seven strata:
  1. A suburb of Bhir mound; sixth-third century BCE;
  2. The first, Demetrian phase of the Greek city, early second century;
  3. The second, Menandrian phase of the Greek city, late second century;
  4. The first phase of the Saca period, beginning ca. 90 BCE;
  5. The second phase of the Saca period (picture, bottom),
  6. The last phase of the Saca period, until an earthquake in ca. 30 CE (picture, center);
  7. The Parthian period (picture, thin layer at the top).
The fortifications of Taxila / Sirkap. Photo Marco Prins. The modern visitor essentially sees the sixth phase and its reconstruction by the Parthian king Gondophares. The excavated area is large: about 1200 meters long and 400 wide. The wall that surrounded the city, built in phase 5, had a height of 6-10 meters, was 5-7 meters wide, and almost 4,800 meters long. This picture shows the northern gate.
Guard room at Taxila / Sirkap. Photo Marco Prins. The walls are made from coursed rubble masonry, which is characteristic for the Greek and Saca periods. Immediately behind the gate was, as one could have expected, a guard room.
The main road of Taxila / Sirkap. Photo Marco Prins. The main road of Sirkap. The private houses were constructed of rubble masonry covered with lime or mud plaster. Usually, they had a small court, a second floor and a flat roof. After the earthquake, in the Parthian period, many were rebuilt with stronger walls and deeper foundations. Currently hardly visible, the palace is to the left.
Shops along the main road of Sirkap - Taxila. Photo Marco Prins. A Greek visitor, whose description of Taxila was included in the Life of Apollonius by Philostratus, says that the houses gave the impression of having one story, but had in fact basement rooms. This visitor may indeed have been the neo-pythagorean philosopher Apollonius of Tyana; at least Philostratus believed that the subject of his vie romancée had visited the Punjab, and much information appears to be correct. That the palace of Taxila was small, that there was a Sun temple, that there was a temple in front of the walls (Jandial), that the streets were as small as those of Athens - it has all shown to be correct.  
to the sanctuaries of Sirkap
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