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Frequently Asked Questions


The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius at the Capitol. Photo Jona Lendering.
Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
  • Why are there so few references to modern literature? We are aware that students have presented texts from this website as if they were their own writings. To prevent this honorless behavior, our texts have been added to the databases used by anti-plagiarism software.
  • How do I quote an article on the world web web? Rules vary; but if you want to be on the safe side, mention the author, the title and URL of the page, and -this is important- the date on which you saw the page. After all, webpages are bound to change.
  • What do BCE and CE stand for? "Before common era" and "Common era". The authors of Livius think the expressions "anno Domini" and "before Christ" should only be used in a Christian context, which the internet is not; and besides, Christ wasn't born on December 25, 1. Read more here.
  • Why are you doing this? Because "real" scholars (those employed by universities) write for their colleagues and often ignore the larger audience. As a tax-payer, I fail to understand why I must pay for a scholar publishing a book about "Subsistence Farming in Roman Cappadocia", while there is no accessible, scholarly  synthesis about an important subject like Egypt between 600 and 300 BCE. Being some kind of scholar myself, I can understand my colleagues, but I think they are ignoring their main responsibility.
  • What are your credentials? Go here.
  • Can I contribute to this site? No; we prefer to write our articles ourselves. That's easier to correct, and we only have to blame ourselve for mistakes. Financial support is not necessary either: we simply hate the administrative mess. (But if you want to donate a lot, we are not above hiring an accountant.)
  • Your account is not in line with the sacred book of my religion, can you change it? No. The sacred truths of religion are, on this place, beyond my scope. Religion and scholarship must remain separated.
  • Why are some pages colored? Pink pages were written to present photos; we are now slowly moving them into the main part of the website. Blue pages are summaries of information that needs to be converted into an article. These pages are in fact some sort of card tray, on which we can write down things we must not forget.
Ancient-Warfare.com, the online home of Ancient Warfare magazine
Livius.Org Anatolia Carthage Egypt Germ. Inf. Greece Judaea Mesopotamia Persia Rome Other