Maracanda

Archaeological discoveries suggest that Maracanda was occupied in the fourteenth century BCE. It is situated on the banks of the river Saravšan.

In the sixth century BCE, the Persian king Cyrus the Great (559-530) conquered Maracanda and his successor Darius I the Great (522-486), who organized the Achaemenid empire, made it the capital of the satrapy Sogdia. During excavations of the 10-13th century mosque, remains of the ancient temple of the Sogdians were found. Hardly anything is known about this period, although it is likely that Maracanda was sometimes visited by travelers who went from Babylonia, Assyria and Persia to China. (Their route was to become famous as the Silk road.)

Two centuries later, the Macedonian king Alexander the Great conquered the Achaemenid empire. Between 329 and 327, he used Maracanda as his base for expeditions in the region. It was in the palace of Maracanda that he celebrated famous drinking parties, and it was by one of those occasion that he accidentally killed his commander-in-chief Clitus.

After Alexander's death, Maracanda lost its status as satrapal capital. In the Seleucid empire, Sogdia was part of the satrapy Bactria. The city now disappears from our sources. This is a bit strange, because at 130 BCE, the Chinese authorities started an active policy to open the Silk road. The route flourished until the third century CE. We would have expected that Maracanda played a role of some importance, but if it did, it was not noticed by the historians.

When the Silk road was reopened by the emperors of the T'ang dynasty (618-907), Maracanda was one of its most important stations. It became a center for the spread of (Nestorian) Christianity. Until 711, it was a treasured possession of the khan of the Western Turks; in that year, it was conquered by the Muslims. The eighth century was a period of great splendor; Samarkand, as it was now called, became one of the most important cultural centers of the Islamic world.

A satellite photo of the archaeological site called Qala ye Afrasiab (Castle of [the legendary hero] Afrasiab) can be found here. It dates back to the seventh century BCE and is almost certainly identical to the Sogdian residence.